169. The Arab-Israeli Conflict
(Same as Political Science 169 and Jewish Studies 169)
Progression of the conflict from the nineteenth century to the present is reviewed in a multidisciplinary manner. Topics include political history, communal disparities, and the various wars and their diplomatic outcomes.

170. Modern Jewish History
(Same as Jewish Studies 170)
Emphasizes Jewish development, emancipation, assimilation, identity, and changing status in Europe, America, the Islamic world, and Palestine/Israel.

189. Freshman Colloquium
Entry-level course to introduce first-year students to historical matter and methods by intensive inquiry into a special theme. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

190. Freshman Seminar
Introduces first-year students to the discipline of history, particularly historical sources and methods; aims to improve critical reading, analytical, and writing skills in small group discussion.

201. The Formation of European Society: From Late Antiquity through the Early Modern Era
Examines the early forms of those societies that came to dominate the European continent and explores their early expansion and influence.

202. The Making of Modern Europe: Old Regime to the Present
Examines major themes in European history during the modern era, roughly mid-seventeenth century to the present; special attention to conflicts in economic, political, social, and intellectual life.

203. The West in World Context
Examines the interaction of European cultures with other world cultures, and considers that interaction's impact both on the "West" and on those regions it sought to dominate.

211. The Making of Modern Latin America
Explores the long history of contact between European colonizers, indigenous peoples, and those of African origin who joined them; considers the interconnections of this history with the formation of modern nation-states.

221. The Making of Modern Africa
Traces the gradual incorporation of Africa into an expanding world economy and examines the impact of this incorporation on the development of African societies and modern nation states.

231. The Foundations of American Society: Beginnings to 1877
Considers the development of American society from tentative beginnings to Reconstruction. Special emphasis is given to certain critical periods including colonialism, the American Revolution, and the Civil War.

232. The Making of Modern America: United States History since 1877
The course introduces the social, political, economic, and diplomatic forces that have shaped modern America. Special emphasis on how diverse components of the American population have interacted in American society.

241. History and Text
The course demonstrates how literary, artistic, and/or cinematic texts, when understood in relation to the context of their production, can be used to study selected historical themes.

242. American Jewish History
(Same as Jewish Studies 242)
Survey of American Jewish history from colonial period to present, Jewish immigration to the United States, patterns of religious and cultural adjustment, social relations and antisemitism, Jewish politics, the construction of Jewish identities.

270. Survey of Jewish History
(Same as Jewish Studies 100)
This course offers a general overview of the history of Jews and Judaism, beginning with the Biblical period and ending with modern times.

285. Topics in Historical Analysis
An introductory course on the nature and methods of history. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

301WR. History of Greece
Illuminates through art, literature, and archaeology the unfolding of the first European civilization, which gave rise to many enduring aspects of our world, including philosophy, natural science, urban planning, and the art of government.

302. History of Rome
History of Rome and its civilization from earliest times to the accession of Constantine. Traces Rome's evolution from small town to world empire and the development of the arts and manners of the Greco-Roman world.

302D. History of Rome, Applied Language/German
Credit, one hour. Prerequisite: German 202 or equivalent.
Taught in conjunction with History 302 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Lectures, discussion, reading, and writing in German.

303. History of the Byzantine Empire
History of the Byzantine Empire from Justinian to the fall of Constantinople in 1453. Explores artistic, religious, and political achievements of one of the most magnificent and little-known civilizations in the Western tradition.

304. The New Europe, 300-1000 A.D.
Analyzes transition from Greco-Roman civilization to the medieval vision of a religious society in a barbarous world. Emphasis on the barbarian invasions and the emergence of Christianity as vehicles of the transformation.

305. The High Middle Ages, 1000-1350
Analyzes social, cultural, and political developments in medieval western Europe from circa 1000 to circa 1350, mainly through discussion of primary sources, including poems, biographies, histories, letters, and legal documents.

306C. The Italian Renaissance
History 201 recommended as background.
Examines developments in politics, society, and the economy that created a new cultural style in Italy between 1350 and 1530. Students have the option of some readings in Italian.

307. Europe from the Reformation to the Enlightenment
History 201 recommended as background.
Breakup of Renaissance civilization amid wars of religion, economic crises, constitutional struggles, and growing skepticism. Terminates with origins of the Enlightenment, based on new scientific and philosophical systems, and development of strong constitutional or absolutist states.

308. Revolutionary France, 1750-1815
Causes, events, and consequences of the Revolution in France, and spread of the revolutionary movement through the Western world. The personality, statecraft, military triumphs and defeats, and significance of Napoleon.

308D. Revolutionary France, 1750-1815, Applied Language/French
Credit, one hour. Prerequisite: French 203 or equivalent.
Taught in conjunction with History 308 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Discussion, reading, and writing in French.

309. Europe in the Age of Empire
Considers the rise of commodity culture, mass politics, anti-Semitism, imperialism, and cultural crisis in Europe from the aftermath of 1848 through World War I.

310. Europe in the Era of Total War, 1900-1945
Emphasizes social and cultural repercussions of the two world wars; origins of communism and fascism; and emergence of contemporary problems in European politics and society.

311. Europe in the Nuclear Age, 1945 to Present
Postwar renaissance in European politics and culture; evolution of communism and social democracy; and internal and international forces for stability and change in Europe today.

312. Medieval and Renaissance England
Analysis of socioeconomic, political, and religious developments from 1272 to 1603. Topics include bastard feudalism, the Black Death, parliamentary government, the Reformation, Puritanism, and the Tudor state. Readings emphasize primary sources.

313. Stuart and Georgian England
Continuation of History 312. Emphasizes politics, society, and culture from the age of Shakespeare and the accession of James I to the age of Hogarth and the loss of America.

314. Topics in British History
Variable subjects such as Tudor or Victorian England, modern Britain, and English landed society. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

315. France, Age of Kings, 1300-1760
Traces the development of France from the Hundred Years War to the eve of the French Revolution, with emphasis on the interaction of government, society, and culture.

316. Modern France: History in Film
French history since the Revolution portrayed through feature film, with emphasis on the tensions between tradition and change in French politics and culture.

318. Modern Germany
Political, intellectual, and social history of Germany since the nineteenth century. Particular emphasis on German unification, the Weimar Republic, and Nazi Germany.

318D. Modern Germany. Applied Language/German
Credit, one hour. Prerequisite: German Studies 202 or equivalent.
Taught in conjunction with History 318 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Lectures, class discussions, and writing exercises in German.

319. Imperial Russia
Russian history from Peter the Great to the Revolution, with emphasis distributed among political, socioeconomic, intellectual, and cultural aspects, as well as external relations.

320. The Soviet Union
Elements of continuity and change in twentieth-century Russia. Focuses on twilight of the Old Regime; the Old Regime; the I917 Revolution and Civil War; Lenin's dictatorship and Stalin's transformation; the impact of World War II; and post-Stalin conservatism.

321. The Holy Roman Empire, 1500-1806
The Holy Roman Empire from Martin Luther to Napoleon. Topics include the Reformation, the Thirty Years' War, the rise of Prussia and Austria, and the German Enlightenment.

321D. The Holy Roman Empire, 1500-1806, Applied Language/German
Credit, one hour: Prerequisite: German 202 or equivalent.
Roman Empire from Martin Luther to Napoleon. Taught in conjunction with History 321 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Lectures, class discussions, and writing in German.

323. Reformation Europe
Examines the breakup of Christianity in sixteenth-century Europe. Analyzes political, social, and economic causes and consequences of religious change, as well as different theological viewpoints.

324. Witchcraft, Magic, and Alchemy in Western Civilization
History of occult beliefs and practices and their role in Western civilization. Special attenrion given to the witch craze of the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries; the tradition of learned magic, including the Faust legend; and alchemical doctrines and operations.

326. Medieval and Muscovite Russia
Russian history from its beginning to Peter the Great: first appearance of Eastern Slavs, Kievan Russia, Mongol conquest, rise of Moscow, and Muscovy in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

330. Society and Thought of Early America
Social patterns and culture broadly interpreted, from 1607 through the Civil War. Focuses on the family, religion, and changing means of community and work in early American history.

331. Society and Thought of Modern America
Focuses on groups (farmers, middle class, women, ehnic, etc.) Emphasizes ideas that have guided these groups in defining or redefining their place in American society.

332. Early American Intellectual History
Foundations of American social and political theory, 1600-1865. Special emphasis on puritanism, the Enlightenment, and romanticism.

333. Modern American Intellectual History
American social and political theory since the Civil War. Emphasis on impact of Darwinism, pragmatism, and the rise of modern liberalism.

334. Diplomatic History of the United States to 1914
American diplomacy from revolution through continental expansion, Civil and Spanish wars, to world power under Wilson. Emphasizes the influence of commercial growth, political pressures, imperial ideologies, and rising national consciousness.

335. Diplomatic History of the United States since 1914
Traces confrontations between the United States and Wilhelmine Germany, imperial preference Britain, Japan, the Soviet Union, and revolutionary new societies. Interacting domestic and international forces are emphasized.

336. Multicultural History of Women in the United States
Examines the lives of diverse groups of women in the United States in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, focusing on race, class, ethnic, and regional differences among women.

337. Industrialization in America, 1789-1917
Explores the origins, process, and consequences of industrialization in nineteenth-century America. Emphasizes social and cultural developments of economic change, including shifts in the meanings of class in the nature of work and leisure.

338. History of African Americans to 1865
(Same as African American Studies 338)
Examines the experiences of African Americans from the emergence of the trans-Atlantic slave trade to the end of the Civil War. Emphasizes social and cultural history and interpretation of race, class, and gender.

339. History of African Americans since 1865
(Same as African American Studies 339)
Examines African American history from 1865 to the present. Emphasizes regional, gender, and class distinctions within black communities, and the ways in which industrial transformations shaped black life, thought, and resistance.

340. American Colonial History, 1607-1783
History of the English colonies in North America from first settlement to final independence, with emphasis on social and political development.

341. Era of the American Revolution
Examines the intellectual and social context of the American Revolution. Issues covered include the causes and development of revolutionary sentiment, the military conflict, diplomacy, economics, and American constitutional government.

342. The Old South
Examines the South from its colonial origins to the Civil War, with emphasis on the social, political, and economic development of a slave society.

343. U.S. Civil War and Reconstruction, 1850-1877
Emphasizes the causes of secession, military and social history of the war itself, and postwar attempts to reconstruct Southern society.

344. American Environmental History
(Same as Environmental Studies 344)
History of the relationship between the American people, land, weather, and natural resources, with special attention to the environmental movement since 1960.

345. The United States since 1945
An examination of modern America as a legacy of the New Deal and World War II. Attention given to political, diplomatic, economic, and sociocultural aspects, with emphasis on reform traditions, national security concerns, and presidential leadership.

346. The Indian in American History
History of North American Indians from pre-Columbian times to the present, with emphasis on the interaction between Indian and Anglo-American cultures from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth.

347. The West in American History
The westward movement and its significance in American history. Topics include theories of frontier expansion, Indian-white relations, land acquisition and speculation, western communities, and the special situation of the semi-arid regions.

348. The Ethnic Experience in America
(Same as American Studies 348)
African Americans, Indians, Irish, and Jews in recent American history. Explores patterns of immigration and the limits of assimilation. Also treats anti-ethnic reactions such as racism and anti-Semitism.

349. The New South
The agrarian South and the growth of an industrial ideal, segregation, dilemmas of political reform, race and politics, assaults upon segregation and its defenders, and modernization and change.

350. The Vietnam War
This course examines America's longest war: its involvement in the nearly century-long struggle of the Vietnamese people for independence.

351. Topics: Non-U.S. Economic History
(Same as Economics 351)
Topics related to economic change outside the United States or in which the U.S. is only one area of comparison. Slave trade, global economies, economic thought, colonialism, or comparative economic systems.

352. European Economic History II
(Same as Economics 352)
Economic development in the nineteenth century and the spread of a world economy; economic consequences of the world wars; economic aspects of socialism and fascism; and economic nationalism and internationalism in the twentieth century.

352D. European Economic History, Applied Language/French
(Same as Economics 352D) Credit, one hour. Prerequisite: French 202 or equivalent.
Taught in conjunction with History 352 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Class sessions and assignments in French.

353. Society of Early Modern Europe, 1350-1700
Analyzes the distinctive nature of early modern European society, focusing on social groups (e.g., nobles, merchants, artisans, peasants, outsiders) and on topics such as popular culture, criminality, protest, festive life, women, and family.

354. United States Legal and Constitutional History
Examines the place and significance of law and lawyers in American history and the evolution of the Constitution from Marshall to Burger.

355WR. Political Economy of the American South
(Same as Economics 355.) Prerequisites: Economics 200 and 210.
Economic history of the American South from the colonial era to the present. Topics include development of the antebellum economy, Reconstruction, and the twentieth-century resurgence of the Southern economy.

356. Development of the Modern U.S. Economy
(Same as Economics 356.) Prerequisites: Economics 200 and 210.
Examines the post-1800 development of industrial America. Topics include the rise of manufacturing, banking, the labor movement, agriculture, and foreign trade. Special attention paid to the role of the government sector in the economy.

358. History of Popular Culture in America
Examines film, television, music, and style since World War II. Themes include the cultural dimensions of domination, the rise of countercultures, and the role of mass media in shaping American perceptions of class, gender, sex, and race.

359. The United States and the Soviet Union
An intensive comparative examination of the United States-Soviet relationship, with emphasis on the Cold War. Competing political structures, ideologies, alliances, and military-nuclear policies are studied historically.

360. Colonial Latin American History
The New World empires of Spain and Portugal, 1500-1800. Emphasizes the Indian past, discovery and conquest, plantation and mining societies, black slavery, race relations, and city life.

361. Latin America since Independence
Latin America since 1800. Focuses primarily on Mexico, Brazil, and Argentina; emphasizes elitist politics, the church and anticlericalism, economic dependency, social change, urbanization and industrialization, and revolutionary aspirations.

361D. Latin America since Independence. Applied Language/Spanish
Credit, one hour. Prerequisite: Spanish 202 or equivalent.
Taught in conjunction with History 361 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program. Lectures, class discussions, and writing exercises in Spanish.

362. History of the Caribbean
Development of the major islands of Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, and Puerto Rico, from colonial times to the present. Emphasizes evolution of plantation societies, slavery and race relations, international rivalries, economic dependence, political independence, and social revolutions.

364WR. African Civilizations to the Era of the Transatlantic Slave Trade
(Same as African Studies 364)
Political, social, economic, and cultural history of sub-Saharan African civilizations, from the rise of the Sudanic empires through the impact of the trans-Atlantic slave trade.

367. The Making of South Africa
(Same as African Studies 367)
Evolution of South Africa from a society based on the principle of systematic racial segregation to a multiracial democracy. Origins of racial segregation and apartheid, nationalist struggles, challenges of post-aparthed development.

368. The Near East, 570-1914
The rise of Islam, life of Muhammad, medieval Arab dynasties, the Crusades, rise and decline of the Ottoman Empire, other European-Near Eastern contacts, and the origins of modern Arab nationalism.

369. History of the Near East, 1914 to Present
Topics include the fall of the Ottoman Empire; British presence and departure from Egypt; World War I diplomacy; the rise and development of Arab nationalism; the emergence of the Arab states of Turkey, Iran, Israel, and the Arabian peninsula countries; Islamic resurgence; inter-Arab political history; oil; and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

370. History of Modern Israel
(Same as Jewish Studies 370.)
Evolution and growth of Israel. Equal emphasis on Ottoman Palestine and in the mandatory and Israeli statehood periods. Topics include Zionism, Arab-Jewish relations, the British colonial presence, Israeli domestic issues, and foreign policy.

371. Medieval and Early Modern Japan
An introductory survey of medieval and early modern Japan (1100-1850), covering the Kamakura and Muromachie shogunates, the warring states era, and the Tokugawa periods.

371D. Medieval and early Modern Japan, Applied Language/Japanese
Credit, one hour.
Taught in conjunction with History 371 as part of the Language across the Curriculum Program, adds Japanese language readings and discussions.

372. History of Modern Japan
An introductory survey of modern Japan (1850-1950), covering the late Tokugawa shogunate, the creation of the Meiji state, and the rise and fall of the Japanese empire.

373. History of Modern China
China since the Opium War. Nineteenth-century dynastic decline, Western impact, and modernization efforts; Republican, Nationalist, and Communist revolutions of the twentieth century; and the development of the People's Republic of China since 1949.

375. The Pacific War, 1941-1945
Land, sea, and air campaigns of the Japanese-American conflict. Attention also given to home front factors, representative personalities, and roles of China and the British Commonwealth.

376. European Intellectual History, 1789-1880
A close reading of primary texts. Topics include reactions to the French Revolution, German idealism, romanticism, English liberalism, Marxism, and the "unofficial opposition" of Flaubert, Dostoyevsky, and Nietzsche.

377WR. European Intellectual History since 1880
A close reading of primary texts. Topics include reactions to positivism, avant-garde culture, flirtations with communism, existentialism, structuralism, feminism, and postmodernism.

378. Modern Italy
Italian history since the Napoleonic occupation, with emphasis on Italy's search for national identity, its great regional differences, and its efforts to overcome corruption and to institutionalize a legitimate political system.

379. Britain Ascendant, 1776-1901
The history of how Britain pioneered modern industrialization, globalization, and parliamentary politics and how it coped with the forces that they unleashed.

380. Britain since 1900
The history of Britain's pivotal role in shaping and experiencing the defining issues and events of the twentieth century: decolonization, permissive, immigration, feminism, terrorism, mass consumption, and two world wars.

385. Special Topics in History
Selected topics in history for advanced students. May be repeated for credit when topic varies.

487SWR. Junior/Senior History Colloquium: Europe
All history majors except those who complete the Honors Program must take two colloquia (History 487, 488, or 489). Each colloquium treats a special theme by reading, discussion, and writing of papers. Enrollment in each is limited to twelve; nonmajors are welcome within space limitations.
Recent colloquia in European history include: the Americanization of Germany, Alexander the Great, Sex and the Victorians, and People and States of Former Soviet Central Asia.

488SWR. Junior/Senior History Colloquium: United States
(Similar in nature and format to History 487)
Recent colloquia in American history include: free blacks in antebellum U.S., Jews and other "others" in American history, American Conservatism since 1945.

489SWR. Junior/Senior History Colloquium: Latin America and the Non-Western World
(Similar in nature and format to History 487 and 488)
Recent colloquia in the area include: Mandatory Palestine, comparative colonialism and gender in Latin American history.

494. Internship in History
Prerequisite: prior approval of instructor.
Supervised learning experience in a history-related job in a state, federal, or local historical agency.

495WR. Introduction to Historical Interpretation
For honors students in history. Research and writing of honors thesis.

497WR. Directed Research
For upper-level history majors with prior approval of instructor.
Intensive research that results in the writing of a research paper of 8,000-10,000 words (30-40 pages) or scholarly equivalent.

498R. Supervised Reading
Variable credit (two to four hours)
For senior history majors who have permission of instructor. May be repeated for credit.